2007-03-25

Number

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project),第三代合作夥伴計劃。一個用來制定UMTS/WCDMA標準與測試規範的組織:-:行動通信標準組織。
說明:3GPP和3GPP2兩者實際上存在一定競爭關係,有看法認為3GPP組織的存在很大程度上是為了避開Qualcomm(高通)在CDMA標準方面的專利壟斷。

3GPP2(3rd Generation Partnership Project 2),第三代合作夥伴計劃2。一個用來制定cdma2000標準與測試規範的組織,3GPP2主要工作是製訂以ANSI-41核心網為基礎,CDMA2000為無線接口的移動通信技術規範。 該組織於1999年1月成立,由美國TIA、日本ARIB、日本TTC、韓國TTA四個標準化組織發起。:-:行動通信標準組織。

802.11(-),。因應無線局域網絡的強烈需求﹐美國的國際電子電機學會于1990年11月召開了802.11委員會﹐開始制定無線局域網絡標準。
承襲IEEE802系列﹐802.11規範了無線局域網絡的介質存取控制 (Medium Access Control ﹔ MAC)層及實體 (Physical ﹔PHY)層。此較特別的是由於實際無線傳輸的方式不同﹐IEEE802.11在統一的 MAC層下面規範了各種不同的實體層﹐以因應目前的情況及未來的技術發展。
[PHY]
目前802.11中制訂了三種介質的實體﹐為了未來技術的擴充性﹐也都提供了多重速率 (Mulitiple Rates)的功能。這三個實體分別是﹕
一﹑2.4GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
速率1Mbps時用DBPSK調變 (Difference By Phase Shift Keying)
速率2Mbps 時用DQPSK調變 (Difference Quarter Phase Shift Keying)
接收敏感度 -80dbm
用長度11的Barker碼當展頻PN碼
二﹑2.4GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
速率1Mbps時用 2-level GFSK調變﹐接收敏感度 -80dbm,
速率2Mbps時用4-level GFSK調變﹐接收敏感度 -75dbm,
每秒跳2.5個 hops
Hopping Sequence在歐美有22組﹐在日本有4組
三﹑Diffused IR
速率1Mbps時用16ppm調變﹐接收敏感度2 ×10-5mW/平方公分
速率2Mbps時用4ppm調變﹐接收敏感度8 ×10-5mW/平方公分 波長850nm~950nm
其中前兩種在2.4GHz的射頻方式是依據ISM頻段以展頻技術可做不須授權使用的規定﹐這個頻段的使用在全世界包含美國﹑歐洲﹑日本及台灣等主要國家都有開放。第三項的紅外線由於目前使用上沒有任何管制(除了安全上的規範)﹐因此也是自由使用的。
[MAC]
IEEE 802.11 MAC的基本存取方式稱為 CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)﹐與以太網絡所用的CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)變成了碰撞防止(Collision Avoidance)﹐這一字之差是很大的。因為在無線傳輸中感測載波及碰撞偵測都是不可靠的﹐感測載波有困難。另外通常無線電波經天線送出去時﹐自己是無法監視到的﹐因此碰撞偵測實質上也做不到。在802.11中感測載波是由兩種方式來達成﹐第一是實際去聽是否有電波在傳﹐及加上優先權的觀念。另一個是虛擬的感測載波﹐告知大家待會有多久的時間我們要傳東西﹐以防止碰撞。

Ref:
[1] Ramshop: http://www.ramshop.com.hk/wireless.htm

070409r3版本

A

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
AAA(Authentication Authorization and Accounting),認證授權和計費。AAA代理的目的是在WLAN和3GPP AAA服務器之間傳輸AAA信息。當3GPP AAA服務器安裝在3GPP網絡時,它傳送授權、認證信息到用戶依附的歸屬位置寄存器HLR/HSS。3GPP AAA服務器也能從HLR/HSS中取得用戶預定信息:-:IP網路元件。

Abis interface(-),Abis界面。GERAN中,BTS與BSC間的界面。:-:GSM網路界面。

Active Set(-),主動集合。MS通話時,同時與MS建立FTC(Forward Traffic Channel)的所有BTS所成的集合。:-:CDMA技術名詞,與Soft Handover有關。

A interface(-),A界面。GERAN中,BSC與MSC間的界面。:-:GSM網路界面。

AFA(Adaptive Frame Alignment),調適性訊框校準。The MS times its transmissions to the BTS in line with those received from the BTS. The BTS sends to each MS a "timing advance" parameter (TA) according to the perceived round trip propagation delay BTS‑MS‑BTS. The MS advances its timing by this amount, with the result that signals from different MS's arriving at the BTS and compensated for propagation delay. :-:GSM實體層TDMA對時程序。

AGCH(Access Grant Channel),存取允許通道。AGCH is used to assign resources (including the dedicated channel) to be used along with timing advance(TA) information to a user requesting access to the network.:-:GSM logical channel.
Ref:
[-] 鄭瑞光,GSM數據服務SMS、HSCSD與GPRS之應用,通訊雜誌第66期 1999.7月號。

AMC(Adaptive Modulation and Coding),。:-:廣泛使用於OFDM的技術,例如EVDO, WiMAX.

AN(Access Network),接取網路。The PLMN infrastructure is logically divided into a Core Network (CN) and an Access Network (AN) infrastructures, as defined in TS 23.101 and TS 23.110. The AN is called BSS for GSM and RNS for UMTS, as defined in clause "The Access Network".

Antenna Diversity(-),天線分集。Using two or more receiving antennas on a wireless device to eliminate multipath signal distortion. Typically, the signal from the antenna with the least noise (best SNR) is chosen, and the other antenna is ignored. However, there are also methods that use incoming signals from both antennas. It is quite common to see two antennas on 802.11 wireless LAN access points and PC cards.:-:天線技術名稱。
Ref:
[-] PCMAG.COM/Antenna Diversity

ASN(Access Service Network),接取服務網路。WiMAX的無線接取網路,功能與GSM網路中的GERAN或UMTS網路的UTRAN一樣。:-:WiMAX網路分類。

ASN-GW(ASN Gateway),ASN閘道器。WiMAX ASN網路中的對外閘道器。:-:WiMAX ASN網路元件。

ASP(Application Service Provider),應用服務供應商。專指WiMAX網路提供收費服務的經營者。:-:WiMAX網路業者。

071109r9版本

B

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
BCH(Broadcast Channels),廣播通道。在GSM為BCCH,GPRS則為PBCCH,只有下行方向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

Bm CHannel(-),Bm通道。
A Bm channel is a bi-directional or uni-directional user channel able to carry:
- a 13 kbit/s rate bit stream with an error structure and a transmission delay compatible with some grade ofservice, intended to carry voice encoded according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 06-series; or
- a bit stream at a rate of 14,5 kbit/s, 12 kbit/s, 6 kbit/s or 3,6 kbit/s, with an error structure and a transmissiondelay adapted to a wider range of services, including data transmission; or other kinds of bit stream adapted to awider range of services (for further study).

User information streams are carried on the Bm channel on a dedicated, alternate (within one call or as separate calls),or simultaneous basis, consistent with the Bm channel carrying capability.

The following are samples of userinformation streams:i) voice encoded at 13 kbit/s according to Technical Specifications in 3GPP TS 06-series; andii) data information corresponding to circuit switching user classes of services at bit rates compatible with thechannel capability.

A Bi-directional Bm Channel uses the radio resources referred to as TCH/F. Bi-directional downlink Bm Channel usesthe radio resources referred to as TCH/FD. The Uni-directional Bm Channel is only defined in downlink direction.Traffic channels (TCH) are fixed physical gross rate channels, accompanied with timing (see 3GPP TS 05.02). :-:GSM用戶通道的代稱,類比於ISDN中的B-Channel.

Ref:
[-] ETSI TS 100 552 V8.0.2 (2002-05) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);Mobile Station - Base Station System (MS - BSS) Interface Channel Structures and Access Capabilities(3GPP TS 04.03 version 8.0.2 Release 1999)

BMC(Broadcast/Multicast Control),廣播/群播控制層。是WCDMA特有的功能,屬於OSI第二層,在RLC上端,為處理基地台廣播訊息的通訊協定,針對來自基地台的廣播訊息進行手機端的儲存、顯示等處理。:-:WCDMA無線通信協定第二層。
Ref:
[-] 3GPP TS 25.324,Broadcast/Multicast Control BMC.
[-] NTP: WCDMA L2/L3通信協定及軟體發展,2004年10月62期。

BS(Base Station),基地台。WiMAX基地台的英文簡寫。:-:WiMAX網路元件。

BSSAP(Base Station System Application Part),基地台應用層。The protocol employed across the A and E interfaces in the GSM system. It is used to transport MM and CM information to and from the MSC.:-:GSM核心網路應用層堆疊。

說明:BSSAP = BSSMAP + DTAP
The BSS Application Part is split into two sub application parts, these are:- the BSS Management Application Part (BSSMAP); the Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP).

3GPP spec:
原始規格是在A界面:
2005-09:Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) interface;Layer 3 specification(3GPP TS 48.008 version 6.11.0 Release 6)
應用在E界面:
1997-04: Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM);Application of the Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP) on the E-interface (GSM 09.08)
2005-06: Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Application of the Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP) on the E-Interface (3GPP TS 49.008 version 6.1.0 Release 6)

Ref:
[-] mpirical

BSSAP+(Base Station System Application Part +),基地台應用層加強版。此堆疊位於Gs界面的應用層,用來執行Gs界面的重要功能,如IMSI-attached, GPRS-attached, Paging以及Location Update等程序。:-:GPRS網路Gs界面上的堆疊名稱。
Ref:
[-] ETSI TS 101 346 V7.5.0 (2001-12)Technical SpecificationDigital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) -Visitors Location Register (VLR);Gs interface layer 3 specification(3GPP TS 09.18 version 7.5.0 Release 1998)

BSSAP-LE(BSSAP LCS Extension),基地台應用層-定位服務擴充。

3GPP spec:
2000-05: Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM);Location Services (LCS);Base Station System Application Part LCS Extension (BSSAP-LE) (GSM 09.31 version 8.1.0 Release 1999)
2005-07: Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);Location Services (LCS);Base Station System Application Part LCS Extension (BSSAP-LE) (3GPP TS 49.031 version 6.5.0 Release 6)

BSSMAP(Base Station Subsystem Management Application Part),基地台子系統管理應用部。
This protocol is also used to convey general BSS control information between the MSC and the BSS. An example is the allocation of traffic channels between the MSC and the BSS.

The BSSMAP supports all of the procedures between the MSC and the BSS that require interpretation and processingof information related to single calls, and resource management.

Some of the BSSMAP procedures result in, or are triggered by, Radio Resource (RR) management messages defined in3GPP TS 24.008. The BSSMAP procedures are described in sub-clause 3.:-:GSM網路應用層堆疊。

Ref:
[-] mpirical
[-] ETSI TS 148 008 V6.11.0 (2005-09) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) interface;Layer 3 specification(3GPP TS 48.008 version 6.11.0 Release 6)

BTS(Base Transceiver System),基地台。GSM, GPRS, IS-95與cdma2000基地台的英文簡寫。 Current Serving BTS:
BTS on one of whose channels (TCH, DCCH, CCCH or PDCH) the MS is currently operating.
:-:移動通信系統基地台的通稱與簡寫。

070612r7版本

C

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
CAMEL(Customized Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic),移動增強邏輯定制應用。

Camped on a cell(-),駐留小區。 The MS (ME if there is no SIM) has completed the cell selection/reselection process and has chosen a cell from which it plans to receive all available services. Note that the services may be limited, and that the PLMN may not be aware of the existence of the MS (ME) withinthe chosen cell. :-:GSM手機行為。
Ref:
[-] (2002-09) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode(3GPP TS 03.22 version 8.7.0 Release 1999)

CBCH(Cell Broadcast Channel),小區廣播通道。:-:GSM logical channel。
The Cell Broadcast Channel is an additional feature of the GSM system.
The channel supports part of the SMS (Short Message Service) group known as point to multipoint and is intended to be used for information such as traffic and weather reports. This is a downlink only channel and is mapped into the second subslot of the SDCCH (Standalone Dedicated Control Channel).
Ref:
[-] mpirical: CBCH

CM(Connection Management),連接管理,屬於UMTS的NAS,在MM的上端,負責連線管理,包括Circuit-switched 的CC(Call Control)、Packet-switched 的SM(Session Management)、提供來電轉移與發話限制等附加服務的SS(Supplementary Service)、提供簡訊發送與接收服務的GSMS(GPRS Short Message Service)、及提供基地台廣播訊息接收處理服務的CBS(Cell Broadcasting Service)等通訊協定。:-:UMTS的通信協定名稱。

CN(Core Network),核心網路。包含繼承GSM升級的CS core與繼承GPRS升級的PS core, The PLMN infrastructure is logically divided into a Core Network (CN) and an Access Network (AN) infrastructures, as defined in TS 23.101 and TS 23.110. The CN is logically divided into CS domain and PS domain:-:UMTS網路分類。

CRF(Charging Rules Function),計費規則功能。CRF需要實現以下功能︰產生計費規則;激活計費規則;提供計費規則;提供事件觸發集。無論是OCS還是OFCS都要提供這些功能。產生計費規則是指CRF根據TPF和AF發來的有關承載及業務數據流的訊息作出判斷,從而產生適合該業務流的計費規則,並且能夠識別出是否需要提供新的計費規則。激活計費規則是指當TPF中預定義了計費規則或過濾器時,CRF能夠發送觸發訊息給TPF從而激活計費規則。提供計費規則要求CRF收到TPF的請求或AF的相關訊息后作出附應。提供事件觸發集是指CRF要向TPF提供事件觸發集,每個計費規則都和特定的事件觸發集相關聯,當發生事件觸發時,TPF可以請求新的計費規則:-:PS-CN網路元件。

CS Domain(Circuit-Switched Domain),電路交換網域。The CS domain refers to the set of all the CN entities offering "CS type of connection" for user traffic as well as all theentities supporting the related signalling. A "CS type of connection" is a connection for which dedicated network resources are allocated at the connection establishment and released at the connection release.The entities specific to the CS domain are: MSC, GMSC, VLR. All the other CN entities defined in clause "4 The basicentities of the mobile system" and not defined as PS domain specific entities (see following subclause) are common tothe CS and to the PS domains.:-:3GPP CN網路分類。
(
CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance),載波感測多重存取/碰撞避免協定。WLAN標準中採用的媒體存取控制(Media Access Control, MAC)方式。和乙太網MAC層採用的CSMA/CD不同的原因是:無線的環境、不容易確實的偵測是否有碰撞發生,所以修改被動的碰撞偵測的方式為主動的避免碰撞。
CSMA/CA主要使用兩種方法來避免碰撞:
1. 送出資料前,聆聽媒體狀態,等沒有人使用媒體,維持一段時間後,再等待一段隨機的時間後依然沒有人使用,才送出資料。由於每個裝置採用的隨機時間不同,所以可以減少碰撞的機會。
2. 送出資料前,先送一段小小的請求傳送封包(RTS : Request to Send)給目標端,等待目標端回應 CTS: Clear to Send 封包後,才開始傳送。利用RTS-CTS交握(handshake)程序,確保接下來傳送資料時,不會被碰撞。 同時由於RTS-CTS封包都很小,讓傳送的無效開銷變小。:-:WLAN的接取方式,類似於CDMA是3G的接取方式一樣。
Ref: 維基百科:CSMA/CA
(
CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection),載波感測多重存取/碰撞偵測協定。為乙太網路上用來解決多台電腦同時傳遞資料的方法。由於二台電腦同時傳遞資料時會因電訊碰撞而發生資料的毀損,因此CSMA/CD協定是當感應到碰撞時,二台電腦都各自等待一隨機的時間,然後再重新嘗試傳遞資料。然而應用此項協定時有兩項缺點,一為電纜的長度會受限制,否則感測不到碰撞;另一項則為當使用者增加時,資料碰撞的機率將大大的增加。:-:LAN接取方式,與WLAN的CSMA/CA類似。

CSN(Connectivity Service Network),連接服務網路。在WiMAX網路執行與GSM/UMTS的CN一樣的功能,都是與服務用戶平台連接的核心網路。:-:WiMAX網路分類。
)
CTI(Computer Telephony Integration),電腦電話整合。CTI整合了電腦高速運算、資料處理能力、電腦通訊網路與電話廣大通信網路資源的技術,將電腦與電話的功能整合在一起,以提昇工作品質與效率。:-:一種科技整合概念。
(
CTM(Cordless Terminal Mobility),無線終端移動性。CTM是ETSI最近提出的基于DECT技術向個人通信業務(PCS)發展的一種解決方法。CTM允許個人無繩終端基于DECT無繩技術透過兼容的基站使用單一業務登記註冊實現通信,它滿足PCS提出的要求,即無論何時何地都能提供高品質的通信、單一帳單和唯一號碼。雖然CTM不提供典型蜂窩移動電信網的終端移動性能,但它可以為大量商業用戶和私人用戶提供價格低廉的、高品質的、可移動的電信業務,適用于大用戶量而無需佔用很多的無線頻譜(相對蜂窩技術而言)。CTM可作為蜂窩電信業務的補充業務,而不是蜂窩電信業務的競爭者。:-:無線電話的升級方案。
Ref:
070830r10版本

E

====================================================
[範例] CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================

E-AGCH(E-DCH Absolute Grant CHannel),。
The E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel is a fixed rate (30 kbps, Spreading Factor = 256) downlink physical channel carrying the uplink E-DCH absolute grant.
Ref: [-] 3GTS 25.211

Erlang(-),。無因次單位。由丹麥數學家A.K.Erlang所命名。Erlang is a unit of telecommunications traffic measurement. Strictly speaking, an Erlang represents the continuous use of one voice path. In practice, it is used to describe the total traffic volume of one hour.

例如,某小型公司(無論多少人),假設一小時中,總共或撥或接了30通電話,每通都講了5分鐘,請問如何計算此Erlang?
此小時的話務量 = 撥接通數 x 通話時間 = 30 x 5 = 150 (Call-minutes, Cm)= 150 / 60 = 2.5 (Call-hours, Ch)
Traffic figure = 2.5 Erlangs
意即,如果此公司只有一條線,則此線路必須連續忙碌2.5小時,才能滿足此要求,但這是不可能的任務(因為事件發生在一小時以內),所以此公司至少需要三條線,才能讓Erlang小於1 Ch。

Erlang traffic measurements are made in order to help telecommunications network designers understand traffic patterns within their voice networks. This is essential if they are to successfully design their network topology and establish the necessary trunk group sizes.

Erlang traffic measurements or estimates can be used to work out how many lines are required between a telephone system and a central office (PSTN exchange lines), or between multiple network locations.:-:話務量單位。
Ref:
[-] http://www.erlang.com/whatis.html

EVDO (EVolution-Data Optimized), cdma的數據優化演進. 1x EV-DO 是一種專為高速分組數據傳送而優化設計的CDMA2000 空中界面技術,已經發展出Release 0 和Revision A 等兩個版本。有了EVDO之後, cdma2000的數據服務才算達到3G技術的標準(1x原本只有153.6kbps的最高數據傳輸速率).

EVDO的別名:1xEVDO, DO, EV-DO, HDR, 或HRPD都是文件中常見的別名, 其中最有意思的是EVDO Rev.A的版本常被暱稱為DORA, 與美國卡通人物的名稱一樣 (請看Dora the Explorer). 筆者則認為如果以DORAemon在日本與台灣應該都能造成旋風.

080716r3版本

D

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
DB(Dummy Burst),樣版burst。DB is transmitted on one frequency of the cell allocation CA, when no other bursts are to be transmitted. The frequency channel used is the same one that carries the BCCH, i.e. it is the BCCH carrier. This ensures that the BCCH transmits a burst in each time slot which enables the mobile station to perform signal power measurements of the BCCH, a procedure also known as quality monitoring.

Since the base station has to transmit in each time slot of the BCCH carrier to enable a continuous measurement of the BCCH carrier by the mobile station, a DB is transmitted in all time slots with no traffic.

Ref:
[-] Jörg Erbespächer, Hans Jörg Vogel, GSM: Switching services and protocols, Wiley 1999.

DTAP(Direct Transfer Application Part),直接傳送應用部。類似於UMTS的NAS,在Um與Abis界面上,通訊協定載送呼叫控制(Call Control;CC)及移動管理(Mobility Management;MM)的訊息,而且它的傳送對BSS是通透性的,不做任何處理。:-:GSM網路堆疊應用層總稱。

說明:逐漸了解到DTAP是種運輸訊息的功能,它是沒有"聲音"的,所以妳找不到DTAP的專屬message。

DTAP process which allows the direct transfer of messages between individual MSs and the MSC with no interpretation of layer 3 information at the BSS.

3GPP TS 48.002 contains more detail relating to the handling of DTAP messages at the BSS, the multiplexing of themessages onto the relevant signalling channels of the radio interface, and the use of the SCCP services.

Messages received from the MS are identified as DTAP by the Protocol Discriminator Information Element asdescribed in 3GPP TS 24.008, except for Initial Layer 3 messages (see sub-clause 3.1.16).

The majority of radiointerface messages are transferred across the BSS MSC interface by the DTAP, the exceptions being messages belonging to the Radio Resource (RR) management protocol.

Ref:
[-] 何瑞光,GSM基地台系統網路界面及協定,第81期 2000.10月號
[-] (2005-09) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);Mobile Switching Centre - Base Station system (MSC-BSS) interface; Layer 3 specification(3GPP TS 48.008 version 6.11.0 Release 6)

070720r4版本

F

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
FDD(Frequency Division Duplex),分頻雙工。FDD is employed in radio systems to provide an uplink and downlink radio channel between the network and the user. It uses paired spectrum - one frequency band for the uplink, one frequency band for the downlink and is much more efficient in the case of symmetric traffic.[1]

The frequencies separated by a duplex spacing. Users tune between the uplink and downlink frequencies to transmit and receive respectively.[2]:-:RF傳輸雙工方式。

Ref:
[1] http://www.inacon.de/glossary
[2] mpirical:FDD


070717r1版本

I

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
IN(Intelligent Network),智慧型網路。IN是一種電信網路服務控制架構。此種服務控制架構的主要目的即是為了提供一種使網路管理者可更有效益、更經濟、更快速地引進、控制及管理新服務,同時智慧型網路主要的利益即是可開發新資源來創造更多的盈餘。

IN架構最先是由美國貝爾通訊研究中心(Bellcore)所訂,該機構為美國七大區域電信營運公司的研究協會。此種名稱所呈現的觀念意義為:藉著集中式資料庫的配置,來提供廣闊的網路服務;如:800 服務(國內為080),信用卡呼叫服務(Calling Card Service),專屬虛擬網路服務(Private Virtual Network Service)。雖然智慧型網路一詞在1980 年中期才產生,但此觀念的實際規劃應用,在早期的貝爾系統網路中,於1981 年已開始引進信用卡呼叫服務的帳務確認應用(Billing Validation Application)。

智慧型網路是一種被普遍接受,可以應用在所有網路的網路架構觀念。是一種以現有公眾電話網路為基礎,將電信與電腦(Communication & computer,C&C)結合,在網路中裝設具有大容量資料儲存能力的智慧型節點(IntelligentNode),集中儲存服務邏輯資料,並經由網路交換傳送和標準信號系統溝通聯絡的整合應用,其目的在增強網路的處理能力,使得網路連接運作可以控制的比以往更有彈性。由於客制化服務需求導向的趨勢,因而對於網路運轉和控制資訊處理能力的需求日益重要,因此智慧網路之基本精神,就是希望能引進一個新的具彈性的網路,透過線上編譯的技術,使新的網路服務的引進時間可由數年縮短成幾天,甚至幾小時,幾分鐘,以達到服務客戶與公司營利之目的。

Ref:
[-] 教育部八十九學年度大專院校通訊科技專題製作競賽:泛歐式低功率無線電話與智慧型電信系統之電腦電話整合應用,初賽報告,報名編號:G8903,指導老師:朱元三老師  

IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem),IP多媒體子系統。The IMS is an extension of the PS core Network, intended to become independent of the PS-CN from REL-6 on. It uses the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to setup, maintain and terminate voice and multimedia sessions.:-:行動通信多媒體服務系統。

IOT(Interoperability Test),互通性測試。這個名稱雖然被WiMAX使用來當作第三階段的測試,其實早從GSM, CDMA時代就已經被運營商所使用,CTIA稱為Stage 3測試,幾乎所有無線用戶設備都需要與實際網路做互連測試,即使連RFID, NFC, WLAN, Bluetooth...等都需要IOT。:-:測試行為。

ISCP (Interference Signal Code Power):
1.ISCP is that part of the RTWP that is caused by UL transmissions of other UEs using the same cell.
2.ISCP is measured based on sophisticated proprietary algorithms implemented in NodeB SW.
:-:UMTS Uu, Radio Parameteres
Ref:
[-] UMTS Performance Measurement; Ralf Kreher; Weley; 2006

Iub(-),Iub界面。UTRAN中NodeB與RNC間的界面,定義在3GPP TS 25.430 :UTRAN Iub Interface: General Aspects and Principles。:-:UMTS網路界面名稱。

IWF(Inter-Working Function),交作功能。This is a functional entity associated with the MSC. The IWF provides the functionalitynecessary to allow interworking between a PLMN and the fixed networks (ISDN, PSTN and PDNs). The functions ofthe IWF depend on the services and the type of fixed network. The IWF is required to convert the protocols used in thePLMN to those used in the appropriate fixed network. The IWF may have no functionality where the serviceimplementation in the PLMN is directly compatible with that at the fixed network. The interworking functions aredescribed in TS Technical Specifications 29.004, 29.005, 29.007 and 09.09.:-:3GPP CN網路元件。

IWU(Inter-Working Unit),交作單元。這是一個中性名稱,類似於電器中的adapter,凡是在兩種異質網路中扮演通信協定轉換功能的網路元件,都可以稱為IWU。:-:廣義網路元件。

090323r6版本

G

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
GAN(Generic Access Network),通用進接網路。GAN was formerly known as UMA, until it was adopted by the 3GPP in April 2005. It describes a telecommunication system allowing seamless roaming and handover between local area networks and wide area networks using the same dual-mode mobile phone. Unfortunately the term GAN remains little known outside the 3GPP community, and the term UMA continues to be used in preference as a marketing term.:-:無線接取網路名稱。

GAP(Generic Access Profile),通用接取架構。GAP is mandatory as a minimum requirement for all DECT voice telephony equipment as from October 1997.

GAP基本上的精神是建立一套共同的空中界面功能標準與協定架構,讓符合此架構的PP(Portable Part,DECT的手機),無論何種廠牌,都能在符合此架構的FP(Fixed Part, DECT的基地台)中順利註冊並使用其服務(當然前提是合法使用者,此處機器不可造成人類的使用困擾)。:-:DECT協定架構名稱。

Gb interface(-),Gb界面。GPRS網路中,BSS與SGSN間的界面。:-:GPRS網路界面。

GERAN(GSM EDGE Radio Access Network),GSM/EDGE無線接入網。泛指GSM, GPRS或是EDGE共用的由BTS與BSC所構成的網路。:-:無線接取網路名稱。

GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying),高斯頻移鍵入。GFSK is a type of Frequency Shift Keying modulation that utilizes a Gaussian filter to smooth positive/negative frequency deviations, which represent a binary 1 or 0. It is used by DECT, Bluetooth, FHSS, Cypress WirelessUSB, Nordic Semiconductor and z-wave devices.

Ref:
[1] Wikipedia

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service),通用分組無線通信服務。GPRS的制訂工作始於1994年,原先預定在1997年年底能完成所有規格制訂,但是一直延後,遲至1999年才完成。GPRS包含在ETSI制定的GSM phase2+通訊技術標準中。GPRS 採分封交換(packet switching),以多時槽(time slot)傳送封包,較經濟有效。數據率可為 14.4 kbps (1 time slot) 到115.2 kbps (8 time slots)。GPRS須在既有GSM網路上提供點對點的封包傳送模式,所以必須多引進一些設備來輔助完成數據傳輸相關的功能。此外,為了提供GPRS服務,現有GSM網路中的HLR還必須增加有關GPRS用戶數據及路由所需之資訊。GPRS提供兩種服務:點對點服務及單點對多點服務。:-:GSM系統的高速數據服務技術名稱。

gprsSSF(GPRS Service Switching Function),gprs業務交換功能。GPRS移動智能網的功能體系結構與原有基於電話呼叫的移動智能網的體系結構類似,gsmSCF通過與gprsSSF之間的信令交互,利用業務邏輯來控制GPRS的數據傳送過程。:-:SGSN的內建功能。

Gs interface(-),Gs界面。
1. 看起來是MSC與SGSN間的界面,邏輯上其實是VLR與SGSN間的界面,MSC只是VLR的通道而已。典型堆疊為BSSAP+/SCCP/MTP3/MTP2/E1,隨著網路的演進,SCCP以下的堆疊可以是IP或ATM。
2. This interface allows paging and station availability when it performs data transfer. When the MS is attached to the GPRS network, the SGSN keeps track of which RA (Routing Area) the MS is attached to. An RA is a part of a larger LA (Location Area). When a MS is paged this information is used to conserve network resources. When the MS performs a PDP Context, the SGSN has the exact BTS the MS is using.:-:GPRS網路界面名稱。
Ref:
[-] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPRS_Core_Network
[-] ETSI TS 101 346 V7.5.0 (2001-12)Technical SpecificationDigital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) -Visitors Location Register (VLR);Gs interface layer 3 specification(3GPP TS 09.18 version 7.5.0 Release 1998)

GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications),全球移動通訊系統。1987年5月GSM成員國達成一致,確定了GSM最重要的幾項關鍵技術。1989年ETSI〔歐洲電信標準協會〕從CEPT接手標準的制定工作。1992年GSM Phase 1標準完成。到了1996年,Phase 2已經完成了原先GSM所預期需要達成的目標,並且建立了增進現有GSM技術的架構。:-:2G無線通信系統。

GSM Phase 1 features: (1992年完成)
- Call Forwarding
- All Calls
- No Answer
- Engaged
- Unreachable
- Call Barring
- Outgoing - Bar certain outgoing calls
- Incoming - Bar certain incoming calls
- Global roaming - Visit any other country with GSM and a roaming agreement and use your phone and existing number*

GSM Phase 2 features:
- SMS - Short Message Service - Allows you to send text messages too and from phones
- Multi Party Calling - Talk to five other parties as well as yourself at the same time
- Call Holding - Place a call on Hold
- Call Waiting - Notifies you of another call whilst on a call
- Mobile Data Services - Allows handsets to communicate with computers
- Mobile Fax Service - Allows handsets to send, retrieve and receive faxes
- Calling Line Identity Service - This facility allows you to see the telephone number of the incoming caller on our handset before answering
- Advice of Charge - Allows you to keep track of call costs
- Cell Broadcast - Allows you to subscribe to local news channels
- Mobile Terminating Fax - Another number you are issued with that receives faxes that you can then download to the nearest fax machine.

GSM Phase 2 + features (1998年完成,GPRS於1999年完成)
- Upgrade and improvements to existing services
- Majority of the upgrade concerns data transmission, including bearer services and packet switched data at 64 kbit/s and above
- DECT access to GSM
- PMR/Public Access Mobile Radio (PAMR)-like capabilities
- GSM in the local loop
- Virtual Private Networks
- Packet Radio
- SIM enhancements
- Premium rate services
- Enhanced Data-over-GSM Speeds

自1991年以來,歐洲ETSI分別製訂了GSM第1階段和第2階段的標準。到1998年第2+階段的標準已快全部完成。第2+階段的主要標準包括了CAMEL(移動通信高級邏輯的客戶化應用程式)、SOR(支持最佳路由)、立即計費、DECT接入GSM和GSM900/1800雙頻段運作等。另外還有GPRS和HSCSD(高速線路交換型數據通信)等數據通信的標準。GSM第2+階段的標準製訂了84個工作項目,其中50個屬于電信業務標準,34個屬于網路技術標準。這50個電信業務中的大多數都是由CAMEL支持的、基于智能網技術的電信補充業務。

GSM頻帶:
GSM400:
- DL: 460.4 - 467.6 MHz; UL: 450.4 - 457.6 MHz (channel numbers 259 to 293)
- DL: 488.8 - 496 MHz; UL: 478.8 - 486 MHz (channel numbers 306 to 340)

GSM850:
- DL: 869 - 894 MHz; UL: 824 - 849 MHz

GSM900: (P-GSM)(Primary GSM)
- DL: 935 - 960 MHz; UL: 890 - 915 MHz

E-GSM:
- DL: 925 - 960 MHz; UL: 880 - 915 MHz

R-GSM:
- DL: 921 - 960 MHz; UL: 876 - 915 MHz

GSM1800:
- DL: 1805 - 1880 MHz; UL: 1710 - 1785 MHz

GSM1900:
- DL: 1930 - 1990 MHz; UL: 1850 - 1910 MHz

Ref:
[-] Wikipedia
[-] 鄭瑞光,GSM的分封數據服務-GPRS
[-] GSM Phase Implementation in: http://www.cellular.co.za/gsm-phase.htm#GSM%20Phase%201%20features
[-] 王軍,電信科學TELECOMMUNICATIONS SCIENCE1998年 第14卷 第7期 VOL.14 No.7 1998。
[-] Rohde & Schwarz poster: Wireless Communication Standards

GSM400 (-),GSM頻段400MHz。In April 1998 a Digital Interest Group (DIG) was formed to investigate the migration options open to NMT 450 operators. During 1998, the DIG prepared a detailed Requirement Specification with which vendors could comply.

The DIG group investigated three possible technologies as potential digital versions of NMT and, in October 1999, the results of the investigations were presented with the majority of the NMT MoU operators expressing their preference for the GSM 400 solution.

GSM 400 is a band that brings access to this world-leading standard for NMT 450 operators, as well as offering a coverage bonus effect to current GSM operators worldwide. GSM 400 will evolve with the core GSM specification and will include seamless roaming with other GSM bands.

Another less common GSM version is GSM-400. It uses the same frequency as and can co-exist with old analog NMT systems. NMT is a first generation (1G) mobile phone system which was primarily used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia prior to the introduction of GSM.

It operates in either 450.4 - 457.6 MHz paired with 460.4 - 467.6 MHz (channel numbers 259 to 293), or 478.8 - 486 MHz paired with 488.8 - 496 MHz (channel numbers 306 to 340).
:-:GSM special band.

Ref:
[-] http://www.cellular.co.za/gsm_400.htm
[-] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_ranges#GSM-400

gsmSCF(GSM Service Control Function),gsm業務控制功能。gsmSCF是移動智能網的核心,負責執行CAMEL業務邏輯、控制呼叫接續和計費等。:-:MSC的內建功能。

GTTP(GPRS Transparent Transport Procedure),。While in dedicated mode, upper layers in the mobile station or in the network may request the transport of GPRS information transparently over the radio interface.

This procedure is only applicable when- the information from upper layers is signalling information and- the GTTP length of the message is below the maximum indicated by the network.In any other case, the RR procedures related to packet resource establishment while in dedicated mode apply.The information from upper layers shall be carried inside the GTTP Information message.

The GTTP Informationmessage contains:
- the TLLI of the MS and
- the LLC PDU. :-: RR

GUP(General User Profile),通用用戶信息。GUP為存儲於並由不同實體管理(如終端、歸屬網絡、拜訪網絡、增值業務供應商等) 的用戶信息的蒐集。:-:UMTS網路元件(3GPP R6)。

070829r13版本

H

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
HRPD(High Rate Packet Data),。EVDO的另一種稱呼,規格文件IS-856:-:CDMA的Um界面術語。

HSDPA(High-Speed Downlink Packet Access),。UMTS R5:-:UMTS的Uu界面術語。

HSPA(High-Speed Packet Access),。HSDPA+HSUPD合稱:-:UMTS的Uu界面術語。

HSUPA(High-Speed Uplink Packet Access ),。UMTS R6:-:UMTS的Uu界面術語。

071026r2版本

J

K

L

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
LAPDm(Link Access Procedure on the Dm channel),Dm通道鏈路接取程序。其中"m"表示modification(或mobile?)。
(
The concepts, terminology, overview description of LAPDm functions and procedures, and the relationship with other Technical Specifications are described in general terms in 3GPP TS 04.05.
(
The frame formats defined for LAPDm are based on those defined for LAPD. However, there are important differencesbetween LAPDm and LAPD, in particular with regard to frame delimitation methods and transparency mechanisms. These differences are necessary for operation within the constraints set by the radio path.
(
LAPDm supports two modes of operation:
- unacknowledged operation using UI frames;
- acknowledged operation using the multiple frame procedure.
(
As a choice of implementation, the two modes of operation may be implemented independently of each other. This ispossible since there is no interactions between the two modes, other than queuing at the transmitter, even when theycoexist on the same physical channel.
(
For BCCHs and CCCHs only the unacknowledged mode of operation needs to be implemented. LAPDm is used for information sent on the control channels BCCH, AGCH, NCH, PCH, FACCH, SACCH and SDCCH as defined in 3GPP TS 04.03.
(
說明: AGCH, NCH and PCH are sometimes referred to by the collective name CCCH and FACCH, SACCHand SDCCH are, similarly, referred to by the collective name DCCH. LAPDm may also be used on other types of channel.:-:GSM Um界面L2堆疊名稱。

Ref:
[-] 3GPP TS 04.05: "Data Link (DL) layer General aspects"
[-] ETSI TS 100 938 V8.2.1 (2002-05) Technical Specification Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Mobile Station - Base Stations System (MS - BSS) Interface Data Link (DL) Layer Specification (3GPP TS 04.06 version 8.2.1 Release 1999)

LAPG(Link Access Procedure on the G-channel),在GPRS通道上的鏈路接取程序。是GPRS-LLC通信協定的舊稱,目前正式文件已經很少使用此名稱。:-:GPRS/L2信令名稱。

LCS(Location Services),定位服務。

LLC(Logical Link Control),邏輯鏈路控制協定。對應於ISO OSI模型第2層,LLC的主要功能是在MS與SGSN之間轉運(convey)第3層訊息-SNDCP。LLC的挑戰在於能夠同時支援許多MS使用SGSN,以及對相同MS來說,能夠服務許多不同第3層單體(entity)的訊息。
LLC在1998年的舊稱為LAPG(Link Access Procedure on the G-channel):-:GPRS在MS-SGSN間特有的堆疊。

LLC的功能如下:
- the provision of one or more logical link connections discriminated between by means of a D-LCI;
- sequence control, to maintain the sequential order of frames across a logical link connection;
- detection of transmission, format and operational errors on a logical link connection;
- recovery from detected transmission, format, and operational errors;- notification of unrecoverable errors;
- flow control; and
- ciphering.

Ref:
[-] Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);Mobile Station - Serving GPRS Support Node (MS-SGSN);Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer Specification(3GPP TS 44.064 version 6.2.0 Release 6) 

LOS(Line of Sight),目視線。用在無線通信領域,當兩個天線之間,可以用一條想像中的光線連接起來,其過程不被任何障礙物阻擋,這種情況稱為LOS連接。以此類推,non LOS就是非目視線,指兩天線間的LOS上障礙物很多,無法完成LOS傳輸;near LOS是指在LOS上面雖有障礙物,但是障礙物可能不大,以致於天線間的無線波束的能量還是可以藉由LOS傳輸。:-:無線傳輸術語。

070531r5版本

2007-03-24

N

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
NAP(Network Access Provider),網路進接供應商。WiMAX假設未來網路會分段經營,因此將經營ASN的業者稱為NAP(唸起來很不好聽)。:-:WiMAX網路業者名稱。

NAS(Non Access Stratum),非接入層。其實是指非UTRAN的無線接入層,NAS並不直接涉及無線接取程序,是負責使用者服務連結設定相關的通訊協定。NAS主要由CM(Connection Management)、MM(Mobility Management)及RABM(Radio Access Bearer Management)所組成,其中MM又平分成MM與GMM兩個次層,在CM的下面,提供CM服務;CM又水平分成CC, SM, SS GSMS與CBS等五個次層,在MM上面。UMTS的NAS技術主要沿用GSM phase 2+,在UMTS系統中NAS分別置於UE以及CN端的MSC/SGSN之中。:-:一個用來強調非UTRAN通信協定的泛稱。
Ref:
[-] 3G行動終端之應用整合技術。http://www.iii.org.tw/INCmagzine/142/142_1.htm

NSP(Network Service Provider),網路服務供應商。WiMAX假設未來網路會分段經營,因此將經營CSN的業者稱為NSP(唸起來像音樂網站)。:-:WiMAX網路業者名稱。

070425r2版本

O

P

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
PACCH(Packet Associated Control CHannel),分封關連控制通道。DCCH的一員,雙向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PAGCH(Packet Access Grant CHannel),分封接取授與通道。PCCCH的一員,BSS利用此通道來通知MS要求的PDCH通道已經可以使用,只有下行方向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PBCCH(Packet Broadcast Control Channel),分封廣播控制通道。GPRS的BCH通道,只有下行方向,MS會不間斷地收聽此通道。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PCCCH(Packet Common Control Channels),分封共同控制通道。包含了PPCH, PAGCH與PRACH。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PCT(Protocol Conformance Test),通訊協定符合性測試。看起來像是中性名稱,其實也幾乎變成WiMAX通信協定符合性測試的專屬名稱,目前是針對MAC的測試,以TTCN語言進行。:-:WiMAX技術名稱。

PDCP(Packet Data Convergence Protocol),分封數據收斂協定。是WCDMA特有的技術,屬於OSI第二層,在RLC上端,為提昇Packet-switched 服務的傳輸效率所設計的通訊協定,針對所載送的應用封包IP 標頭資料進行壓縮處理,以有效提昇應用傳輸效率。:-:WCDMA無線通信協定第二層。
Ref:
[-] NTP: WCDMA L2/L3通信協定及軟體發展,2004年10月62期。

PDF(Policy Decision Function),策略判決功能。

PDG(Packet Data Gateway),分組數據網關。PDG終止隧道後還承擔網關作用,這類似於GPRS中GGSN的角色。PDG和遠程IP網之間的Wi參考點類似於GPRS中GGSN和遠程IP網之間的Gi參考點:-:網路元件。

PDTCH(Packet DATA Traffic Control CHannel),分封數據訊務控制通道。TCH的一員,此通道可同時對許多MS提供服務,雙向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PKM(Privacy and Key Management) ,。security protocol的名稱, 用於authentication過程. :-:WiMAX網路保密術語.

PPCH(Packet Paging CHannel),分封撥知通道。PCCCH的一員,BSS利用此通道來控制MS,只有下行方向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PRACH(Packet Random Access CHannel),分封隨機接取通道。PCCCH的一員,MS利用此通道向BSS提出PDCH通道的需求。只有上行方向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

PTCCH(Packet Timing Control CHannel),分封對時控制通道。TCH的一員,雙向。:-:GSM/GPRS/logical channel名稱。

Primitive(-),原語。


Primitives represent, in an abstract way, the logical exchange of information and control between the data link layer andadjacent layers. They do not specify or constrain implementations.
Primitives consist of commands and their respective responses associated with the services requested of a lower layer.
The general syntax of a primitive is: XX - Generic name - Type (Parameters); where XX designates the layer providing the service.
(
例如,對data link layer而言,XX := DL, XX := PH for the physical layer and XX := MDL for administrative functions (e.g. error reporting and recovery).
(
以下是三個GSM LAPDm primitive的例子:
[1] DL-ESTABLISHREQUEST
parameters: SAPI= 0/0/3; Channel= DCCH/SACCH; establish mode= CoRes/Norm; unit contents= Layer 3 message
(
[2] DL-ESTABLISHINDICATION
parameters: SAPI= 0/0/3; Channel= DCCH/SACCH; establish mode= CoRes/Norm; unit contents= Layer 3 message
(
[3] DL-RECONNECTREQUEST
parameters: SAPI= 0; Channel= DCCH; unit contents= Layer 3 peer-to-peer message
(
071016r7版本

Q

R

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[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
RAN(Radio Access Network),無線接取網路。

R&D(Research and Development),研究與開發。顧名思義,原來是指從舊的技術與條件中,重新思考、開發新技術或新應用的創新活動,但是很多字義在台灣顯然都有新的意義。以筆者的觀察,台灣RD主流的作業模式是等外國的RD將某技術開發得差不多,以一大筆天價購買其軟硬體開發平台(當然包含昂貴的訓練費用),然後再花一筆天價購買昂貴的測試設備,於是兩組人馬在很短的時間依照標準來反覆測試,找出購買的開發平台的缺點與不足,同時順便驗收購買的開發平台與測試設備,漸漸地熟悉這種新技術之後便能夠自己做出一些小小的修改與發明,在專案結束前勉強拼湊出一個通常不具商業價值的堪用原型機,然後以此申請將來掛在牆上展示用的垃圾專利,成果展示時還驕傲地向國人宣稱我們已經具備自行開發某某新技術的能力。
因此建議台灣版本的RD解釋應該是"Refine and Debug (修改與除錯)"。 :-:酸葡萄評論。

RCT(Radio Conformance Tests),射頻符合性測試。看起來是很中性的名詞,其實幾乎已經是WiMAX實體層測試的專屬名詞。:-:WiMAX技術名詞。

RFN(Reduced TDMA Frame Number),。RFN is a 19-bits(before channel coding), encoded parameter of the SCH (Synchronization Channel). arranged as follows:
R1 (10 bits) range 0 ~ 1023 = FN div (51×52);
R2 (6 bits) range 0 ~ 50 = (FN div 52) mod 51;
TG (2 bits) range 0 ~ 3;
and 1 reserved bit;
where FN=TDMA Frame Number, as defined in GSM 05.02, subclause 4.3.3;
TG=Time Group as defined in GSM 05.02, subclause 4.3.4.

GSM 04.06 and GSM 04.08 specify the precise bit ordering, GSM 05.03 specifies the channel coding of the above parameters, and GSM 05.10 defines how the TDMA FN can be calculated from R1 and R2.:-:GSM實體層參數。
Ref:
[-] Enhancements to the 3-carrier compact solution for IS-136HS

RLC(Radio Link Control),無線鏈路控制。通常與MAC一同出現,與MAC同屬OSI的第二層,在Uu與Iub界面。以UMTS而言:主要功能為提供不同的傳輸品質(QoS, Quality ofService)處理,並據之對所傳輸的資料或控制指令進行不同的切割、傳送、重傳與組合處理。另外,RLC 更提供流量控制、封包次序重整、封包加密、錯誤偵測等封包處理服務,以提供完整的資料切割、分封與傳輸服務。

對GPRS而言,RLC層主要負責將資料透過空中介面傳送的過程及錯誤更正之程序,這裏的錯誤更正所採取的方式主要是選擇性重送。:-:無線通信協定第二層堆疊。

Ref:
[-] NTP: WCDMA L2/L3通信協定及軟體發展,2004年10月62期。
[-] 鄭瑞光,GSM的分封數據服務-GPRS。

Rm-interface(-), .CDMA的手機與其他通信裝置的界面, 例如電腦與手機間的Serial, USB或BlueTooth界面 :-:CDMA界面.

RNC(Radio Network Controller),無線網路控制器。UTRAN中用來控制NodeB的網路元件,功能類似於GERAN中的BSC但更強大。:-:UMTS網路元件。

Roaming(-),漫遊。
GSM roaming:
Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make & receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network.

Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming between network operators is based on - and the commercial terms are contained in - Roaming Agreements.

If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is known as National Roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as International Roaming (the term Global Roaming has also been used).

If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home network, this is known as Inter-standard roaming.

GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the convenience of a single number, a single bill and a single phone with worldwide access to over 210 countries*. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver behind the global success of the GSM Platform.

Ref:
[1] GSM World: Roaming: http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/index.shtml

RR(Radio Resources Management),無線電資源管理。您沒有看錯,它也沒有寫錯,縮寫的確不是RRM,而是RR。RR掌管手機與MSC間連線的維護、通訊頻道的建立與釋放,並負責任何與電波發射(Radio)有關的任何管理,例如功率控制(Power Control)、非連續傳送(Discontinuous Transmission)、以及發射訊號的時間提前(Timing Advance)。GSM網路內即使手機用戶在通話時移動位置,因為遠離基地台而使接收到的訊號發生衰減,通訊系統也將維持該通話使不至於中斷,這就是有賴於RR子層內的通話交遞(Handover)功能,包含Page Type, Handover procedure, System Information Type...等,都是RR的重要功能。
(
在GPRS,RR掌管手機與SGSN間連線的維護, 用來管理RLC/MAC以及PDCH。事實上,在GPRS時代,RLC/MAC被視為RR的內部功能,因此有些L3的味道。
(
其名稱變化如下:
- 3GPP TS 44.018 version 4.14.0 Release 4(以前版本): Radio Resource Control Protocol <- 要小心此名稱,沒有RRCP, 只有RR。 - 3GPP TS 44.018 version 4.15.1 Release 4(以後版本): Radio Resource Control (RRC) <- 很奇怪,改得與UMTS的一樣名稱,連我都搞混了。 :-:GSM/Um界面L3堆疊名稱。(
(
Ref:
[-] 禹帆,無線通訊網路概論-GSM,GPRS,3G,WAP,Application,文魁資訊
[-] References: 3GPP TS44.018 V4.11.0 Technical Specification Group GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification, Radio Resource Control Protocol (Release 1999); 3GPP TS 44.018 version 4.14.0 R4; 3GPP TS 44.018 version 4.15.1 R4

RRC(Radio Resource Control),無線資源控制。UMTS的專屬名詞,相對應於OSI的第三層,在Uu與Iub界面。舉凡無線資源訊息交換、無線資源設定控制、QoS 控制、通道傳輸格式設定控制、封包切割重整處理控制、以及NAS 通訊協定傳輸處理等,皆由RRC來進行。UMTS系統定義了四類的RRC訊息,分別為
- RRC Connection Management
- Radio Bearer Control
- RRC Connection Mobility
- Measurement Report
用以讓手機端RRC與網路端RRC進行訊息交換,做為無線資源設定的依據。另外,RRC設計了不同的服務狀態,以減緩手機電力的消耗、並使系統無線資源能更有效率地被利用。:-:WCDMA無線通信協定第三層堆疊。
Ref:[-] NTP: WCDMA L2/L3通信協定及軟體發展,2004年10月62期。

RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication),接收信號強度指標。RSSI is a measurement of the received radio signal strength (energy integral, not the quality).

RSSI is generic radio receiver technology metric, which usually is invisible to the user of device containing the receiver, but is directly known to users of wireless networking of IEEE 802.11 protocol family.

RSSI is often done in the intermediate frequency (IF) stage before the IF amplifier. In zero-IF systems, it is done in the baseband signal chain, before the baseband amplifier. RSSI output is often a DC analog level. It can also be sampled by an internal ADC and the resulting codes available directly or via peripheral or internal processor bus.:-:Rx內部技術。

Ref:
[-] Wikipedia: RSSI

071121r14版本

S

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[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
SACCH(Slow Associated Control Channel),低速關聯控制通道。
A GSM signalling channel that provides a relatively slow signalling connection. The SACCH is associated with either a traffic or dedicated channel. The SACCH can also be used to transfer SMS (Short Message Service) messages if associated with a traffic channel.

SACCH與FACCH是在通話進行中,在手機與基地台之間傳送控制訊息的通道。這兩種通道的區別在於,SACCH是在通話過程中,持續提供手機與基地台之間所必須的信號訊息,而FACCH則是在緊急時(例如手機需要更換服務基地台時),及時提供手機與基地台之間所必須的信號訊息。:-:GSM邏輯通道名稱。

Ref:
[-] mpirical網站
[-] 鄭瑞光,GSM數據服務SMS、HSCSD與GPRS之應用,通訊雜誌第66期 1999.7月號。

SAR(Specific Absorption Rate),(電磁波)(人體)特別吸收率。很有趣的中文譯稱吧,還要加上"電磁波"與"人體"的意義才完整。SAR測試的出現代表人類對射頻終端用戶設備是否影響人體健康的顧慮,強制實施SAR測試更是社會進步的象徵,但是通過SAR測試是否意味著長期使用射頻裝置對健康無虞,則沒有科學家敢基於科學中立的立場出面保證,畢竟歷史上第一通GSM呼叫是在1991年才撥通的,截至目前2007年人類才僅僅16年的經驗與手機這種射頻裝置朝夕相處,最糟的臨床數據可能還未出現。SAR測試標準與方法隨著不同國家而異,台灣的測試標準可以在NCC的網站找到。:-:人體在特殊環境中的參數。

SCP(Service Control Point),服務控制點。SCP是一個即時而且高可靠度的網路資料庫,內部儲存服務邏輯資料,依據SSP 的查詢請求,產生服務相關的回應給SSP,指揮SSP 執行話務信號的處理。:-:SS7網路元件。

主要功能:􀂄
- 選擇適當的服務邏輯程式:接受SSP 的服務請求,選擇適當的服務邏輯程式。􀂄
- 要求數字和撥音:SCP 發出指令要求SSP 和IP 收集發話者所撥數字信號,或播放宣告引導用戶撥號;可能為信用卡號碼,個人身分號碼或其它智慧網路服務的特殊號碼。SCP 根據所收集的數字,決定最終循序接通的路徑。􀂄
- 傳送循序接通路徑和計費數據:SCP 傳送最終循序接通路徑和計費數據到SSP。􀂄
- 網路管理:SCP 可以在避免過度負荷狀況下設定網路管理控制功能,要求SSP 停止對話務信號的請求。

有關SCP 的裝設方式,可依個別服務的特性,採成對(Mated Pairs)或獨立(Stand Alone)方式裝設:􀂄
- 成對方式:所謂成對方式乃使用兩個SCP,每一個SCP 存放相同的服務邏輯資料,主要是基於可靠性之考慮,當一個SCP 故障時,另一個SCP 可承擔另一個SCP 的工作;至於平常,則採工作分擔方式處理話務信號,基本上兩個SCP 放置於不同地點。􀂄
- 獨立方式:使用一個SCP 獨立處理話務信號。

Ref:
[-] 教育部八十九學年度大專院校通訊科技專題製作競賽:泛歐式低功率無線電話與智慧型電信系統之電腦電話整合應用,初賽報告,報名編號:G8903,指導老師:朱元三老師

SGSN(Serving GPRS Support Node),GPRS服務支援節點。GPRS服務支援節點主要負責將手機所送出的數據資料,正確地送到相對應的GPRS支援節點通訊閘,以期正確地傳送到接收端終端機上,同樣的,它也負責將GPRS支援節點通訊閘所送來的封包,正確無誤地送達其服務範圍內的各個手機。:-:GPRS網路單元名稱。
Ref:
[-] 鄭瑞光,GSM的分封數據服務-GPRS。

SGW(Signalling Gateway Function),信令閘道功能。The SGW performs the signalling conversion (both ways) at transport level between the SS7 based transport ofsignaling used in pre-Rel 4 networks, and the IP based transport of signalling possibly used in post-R99 networks (i.e.between Sigtran SCTP/IP and SS7 MTP). The SGW does not interpret the application layer (e.g. MAP, CAP, BICC orISUP) messages but may have to interpret the underlying SCCP or SCTP layer to ensure proper routing of the signaling.:-:3GPP CN網路元件。

SNDCP(Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol)

Ref:
[-] 3GPP TS 44.065 V4.1.0 (2001-09).

SQLPLUS(-)。SQL*Plus is a command line SQL and PL/SQL language interface and reporting tool that ships with the Oracle Database Client and Server software. It can be used interactively or driven from scripts. SQL*Plus is frequently used by DBAs and Developers to interact with the Oracle database.

If you are familiar with other databases, sqlplus is equivalent to:
- "sql" in Ingres,
- "isql" in Sybase and SQLServer,
- "db2" in IBM DB2,
- "psql" in PostgresQL, and
- "mysql" in MySQL.

SQL*Plus's predecessor was called UFI (User Friendly Interface). UFI was included in the first Oracle releases up to Oracle v4. The UFI interface was extremely primitive and, in today's terms, anything but user friendly. If a statement was entered incorrectly, UFI issued an error and rolled back the entire transaction[1].

SQLPLUS我不清楚,大概是某種特殊環境或是特定某些SQL Server所會使用的語法。雖然說SQL應該是一種處理資料庫的公共制式規格,可是因為使用環境的不同,各家提供的Sever會有一點小小的不同。我聽說Oracle有用過,好像MySQL也用這種語法的樣子[2]。:-: 程式庫界面語法

Ref:
[1] Oracle FAQ: What is SQL*Plus and where does it come from?
[2] 趙亦達的通信內容摘錄。

SS(Subscriber Station),WiMAX用戶設備。可能是固定式的或是手持式的裝置,在GSM時代稱為MS(手機),WLAN稱為ST,UMTS時代稱為UE:-:WiMAX網路元件。

SSP(Service Switching Point),服務交換點。SSP是一個具備一般交換功能及智慧網路服務話務信號處理能力的數位交換系統(Digital Switching System),作為公眾電話網路進出智慧網路節點,與 SCP 交換資訊,處理智慧網路話務信號。:-:SS7網路元件。

主要功能:􀂄
- 智慧網路服務觸發功能(Trigger Functions):根據用戶所撥號碼,識別智慧網路話務信號。􀂄
- 對SCP 提出查詢(Queries):收集和確認為智慧網路話務信號處理SCP的回應:
在收到SCP 的回應後執行下列步驟:
(1) 將話務信號(Call)循序接通(Routing)至指定的目的地。
(2) 要求播放信號音(Tone)或語音宣告(Announcement)。
(3) 監視和報告,如被叫用戶忙線或被叫用戶無應答等諸類事件。􀂄
- 處理SCP 的要求(Requests):在SCP 話務擁擠(Traffic Congestion)情況之下,SSP 根據SCP的要求限制話務信號查詢次數。􀂄
- 提供標準的訊息宣告:根據觸發的需求和進行中的話務信號狀態,SSP播放標準訊息宣告給用戶。􀂄
- 對SCP事件訊息的傳送:根據SCP 的指示,SSP 可被要求監視和報告"用戶應答"或"話務信號結束"事件。􀂄
- 計費和統計數據的傳送:SSP能對帳務系統(Billing System)傳送記帳所需的計費數據,和對SMS、COM 傳送統計所需數據。􀂄
- 收集統計數據:SSP收集與話務信號進行無關的統計數據,將這些數據傳送至集中維運系統和網路管理系統。􀂄
- 對電子選舉(Televoting, TVS)的預先統計:針對電子選舉服務,SSP能對話務信號數直接執行預先統計,以降低SSP 和SCP 之溝通次數。

有關SSP 的裝設方式,一個IN 可使用一或多個SSP,典型的使用方法乃是將幾個SSP 分佈在全國各地,每一個SSP 處理特定區域的智慧網路話務信號。

Ref:
[-] 教育部八十九學年度大專院校通訊科技專題製作競賽:泛歐式低功率無線電話與智慧型電信系統之電腦電話整合應用,初賽報告,報名編號:G8903,指導老師:朱元三老師

STP(Signal Transfer Point),信號轉送點。STP負責SSP 與SCP,或其它SSP 間之信號(非語音)傳送工作。:-:SS7網路元件。

包含下列特性:􀂄
- 符合ITU-T 建議之第七號信號系統(No.7 Signalling System, SS7)信息傳送部(Message Transfer Part, MTP)第一階(Level-1)至第三階(Level-3)的功能。􀂄
- 可採獨立設置方式單獨使用一個交換機,或在SSP 提供STP 功能,與SSP 共用交換機。􀂄
- 可在SSP 增設軟體提供STEP(Signal Transfer and End Point)功能,及兼具信號轉送(Signal Transfer)及信號端點(End Point)功能。
- 執行通用編碼轉換(Global Title Translations)功能:執行通用編碼轉換之目的在決定應向哪一個SCP 傳送查詢訊息。

STP 的架構可以採用「獨立」及「內建」兩種方式:􀂄
- 「獨立」方式是將STP 與SSP 分開獨立設置。􀂄
- 「內建」方式將STP 功能包含於SSP 內,與SSP 共用一個交換機。

有關裝設方式可分成兩種,「單一方式」與「成對方式」:􀂄
- 單一方式:僅使用一個STP,一般使用在小型IN。􀂄
- 成對方式:每一對都由兩個STP 儲存相同軟體,並對同一SSP 群提供服務,每一對STP 可服務多對SCP。

Ref: [-] 教育部八十九學年度大專院校通訊科技專題製作競賽:泛歐式低功率無線電話與智慧型電信系統之電腦電話整合應用,初賽報告,報名編號:G8903,指導老師:朱元三老師

070819r8版本

T

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
TA(Timing Advance),提前時序。MS發送所需提前的時間。TA = round trip propagation delay = BTS下傳信號到MS所需時間 + MS上傳信號到BTS所需時間。GSM為了滿足上行TS(時槽)比下行TS時間上準確落後三個TS,MS在接到下行TS時,必須在(3 x TS - TA)的時間提前發送上行TS,這樣才能抵銷(下行+上行)的傳遞延遲,正好趕上第三個TS的要求。

TA是BTS根據MS上行的burst來計算的,每秒更新兩次。

TA由0 to 63個bit symbol來表示,0表示MS與BTS間沒有delay, 63表示GSM系統所能容忍的最大delay。1個bit symbol約= 3.597 us,約等於1km距離,所以1個symbol表示MS與BTS相距500m(1km/2=500m)。63個symbol表示MS與BTS相距最大約34km,這也是GSM系統的距離極限。

GSM400的TA可以高達219個bit symbol。

MS timing offset:
delay of the received signal relative to the expected signal from an MS at zero distance under static channel conditions with zero timing advance. This is accurate to ± 1 symbol, and reported once per SACCH or after a RACH as. required (i.e. at the same rate as timing advance). For example, for an MS with a round trip propagation delay of P symbols, but with a timing advance of T symbols, the reported timing offset will be P‑T quantized to the nearest symbol. For GPRS the MS timing offset is not reported. :-:GSM實體層參數名稱。
說明:GSM TS = 3/5200 s ~ 0.577 ms;可參考AFA(Adaptive Frame Alignment)

Ref:
[-]元智大學賴薇如教授,GSM教材,960117版。
[-] 3GPP TS 05.10 V8.12.0 (2003-08), GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network; Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem synchronization (Release 1999)

TAI(Timing Advance Index),提前時序指示。Timing Advance Index TAI used for GPRS, which determines the position of the subchannel on PTCCH (see 3GPP TS 05.02) used by the MS to send an access burst, from which the network can derive the timing advance.:-:GPRS實體層參數。
Ref:
[-] 3GPP TS 05.10 V8.12.0 (2003-08), GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network;
Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem synchronization (Release 1999)

TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access),分時多工。1. A communications technique that uses a common channel (multipoint or broadcast) for communications among multiple users by allocating unique time slots to different users. Note: TDMA is used extensively in satellite systems, local area networks, physical security systems, and combat-net radio systems. 2. A multiple access technique whereby users share a transmission medium by being assigned and using (one at a time) for a limited number of time division multiplexed channels; implies that several transmitters use one channel for sending several bit streams. [47CFR]:-:一種資源分享的方式。

Ref:
[1] ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000: TDMA

TS(Time Slot),時槽。TDMA技術的專用名稱,指每位用戶在使用上所能分配到的連續時間最小單位。
以GSM而言,TS = 156.25 bit symbol = 3/5200 s = 0.577 ms,依照功能,GSM的TS可分成5種burst:
- Normal Burst
- Frequency Correction Burst
- Syncronization Burst
- Access Burst
- Dummy Burst

070819r8版本

U

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
UE(User Equipment),UMTS用戶設備。3G-WCDMA手機的專屬名稱,功能類似於GSM的MS。UE內部由兩個可彼此分離的功能實體所構成:MEUSIM
UE有三種操作模式:
- CS/PS mode: UE同時支援CS domain與PS domain,類似於GPRS的Class A手機。
- CS mode: UE只支援CS domain.
- PS mode: UE只支援PS domain,類似於GPRS的Class C手機。:-:UMTS手機代稱。

UMA(Unlisenced Mobile Access),非授權行動接取。廣義是指使用無需授權的無線資源來接取服務,例如使用ISM頻段的WLAN或Bluetooth,目前狹義的應用是將WLAN/Bluetooth與GERAN結合起來,讓WLAN與GSM/GPRS/3G的用戶可以在兩種異質網路間進行漫遊(roaming)與交遞(handover):-:無線進接技術。

UMAN(UMA Network),UMA網路。能夠提供UMA服務的無線網路涵蓋區的最小網路單位:-:無線進接網路名稱。

UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ),環球移動通信系統。一個名稱很響亮,其實只是以WCDMA技術為主,將GSM/GPRS核心網路升級的3G方案之一,由3GPP組織制定技術標準。:-:行動通信系統名稱。

UNC(UMA Network Controller),UMA網路控制器。在UMAN中扮演下行控制許多AP,上行接取數據核心網路(PS Core)的角色,類似於GSM/GPRS網路中的BSC與UMTS網路中的RNC:-:UMAN網路中的元件。

USIM(UMTS Subscriber Identity Module),UMTS的SIM卡。3G-WCDMA專用的用戶smart card,用來執行認證程序、儲存認證與加密密碼的資訊。:-:UMTS手機用戶卡片代稱。

USSD(Unstructured Supplementary Services Data),非結構化附加數據服務。與SMS相異的是在於USSD輸入訊息時是遞送數字簡碼,所以在使用USSD服務時,使用者只需輸入服務代碼及參數,例如*123#,就可以接收到相關的服務訊息。

USSD 是一項獨特的GSM技術,在流動電話與網絡應用程式之間的訊號頻道上傳送資料。與SMS不同,USSD 採用對話傳輸方式,對於互動應用程式而言,可縮短反應時間,而SMS則是採用先儲存後轉發的技術。客戶使用USSD 服務時無需使用任何特定電話清單,只需在手機上直接鍵入指令,例如*123#,那些指令即會傳回HLR,再與USSD gateway取得服務。

USSD is defined within the GSM standard in the documents GSM 02.90 (USSD Stage 1) and GSM 03.90 (USSD Stage 2), GSM 04.09.

Ref:
[-] http://www.mobilein.com/ussd.htm
[-] http://www.telecomspace.com/messaging-ussd.html

UTRAN(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network),UMTS地面無線接取網路。

UTC(Coordinated Universal Time),協調世界時。縮寫為UTC,並且因此它的拼寫經常寫為Universal Time Coordinated,有時也寫成Universal Coordinated Time,是世界各地通用標準時間。以前的現下仍然廣泛流行的是格林威治時間,也叫作世界時,諧調世界時名義上反映了隨著地球的基本子午線平均日光時間。(將地球的經度分為360度之后,基本子午線是0度經度。向西有179個子午線,向西有179個子午線。第180個子午線也叫作國際日期線。)第一子午線被強行根據穿過倫敦的格林威治觀察台的子午線來確定的,沒有什麼特殊原因,格林威治天文台是現下使用的系統起源的地點。諧調國際時是基于原子時鐘來調整秒數的(稱為跳躍秒),有時候也根據太陽的週期進行修改。
  
諧調世界時使用24小時製時鐘來標識的,但是可以轉換為12小時的(用AM和PM來區分)。諧調世界時可用于飛機和輪船航行中,有時候也稱為祖魯(Zulu)。諧調世界時使用羅馬日曆法。
  
諧調世界時是國際無線電咨詢委員會(CCIR)定義的,是ITU-TS組織的前身,並且由國際標準局(BIPM)維護的。:-:全球時制
Ref:
[-] Whatis/Techtarget: http://searchwhatis.techtarget.com.cn/searchwhatis/132/1949132.shtml

Uu interface(-),Uu界面。UE與UTRAN之間的空中界面,也是實現所謂WCDMA技術的界面,或稱為UMTS網路的無線接取界面,網路其餘界面都是有線的界面。參考3GPP TS25.301, Radio Interface Protocol Architecture:-:UMTS的界面名稱。

070810r7版本

V

====================================================
[範例]CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
VAS(Value Added Service),加值服務。A platform: simple platform for supporting certaintype of services in GSM. (Short Message Service Centre (SMSC), Voice MailSystem (VMS))– Use standard interface towards GSM. May or may not have external interfacestowards other networks.:-:GSM network element.
Ref:
[-] Kalle Ruttik's lesson notes.


070425r1版本

W

====================================================
[範例]
CTV(Chinese Translation Version),中文譯稱。一段中文或英文的簡短說明:-:知識分類。====================================================
WAG(WLAN Access Gateway),WLAN接取閘道器。WAG位於WLAN和3GPP網絡之間。為WLAN和3GPP網絡間的數據流提供過濾、管制和計費功能:-:3GPP網路元件。
說明:若為WiMAX所用,則可改稱為WiMAX Access Gateway。

WAP(Wireless Application Protocol),無線應用通信協定。
WAP是一種開放式、標準式的協定。主要為數位式行動電話系統(GSM系統)與其他的無線終端裝置來傳送並展示資訊內容,同時也提供許多的進階服務,例如透過手機或是雙向的BB Call來傳送股票資訊或是簡訊等。由易利信 (Ericsson)、摩托羅拉(Motorola)、諾基亞 (Nokia) 與 Phone.com (前身是 Unwired Planet) 共同在 1997年6月發起WAP Forum,共同為無線上網制定統一的規格。

WAP Forum的目標包含如下,有:
‧將Internet的內容與進階資料服務帶到手機與其他無線設備上
‧建立全球性的無線軟體協定以支援所有無線網路技術
‧使內容與應用能跨網路、跨設備
‧使用並延伸現有的標準

根據WAP Forum所提出的網路架構,WAP從上層到下層協定分為WAE、WSP、WTP、WTLS、WDP及最底層的數據服務(bearers)等六層;從這些分層的情況中,我們可以發現GSM或是GPRS系統事實上只存在最底層的數據服務層中,而上層的五層則分別是定義了應用環境、會議協定、交易協定、安全機制及資料傳輸等。:-:一種通信協定,讓頻寬有限的無線傳輸設備可以接取Internet應用服務的技術。

對GSM而言,其堆疊如下:WAE/WSP/WTP/WTLS/WDP/SMS/GSM wireless bearers
對GPRS而言,其堆疊如下:WAE/WSP/WTP/WTLS/UDP/IP/GPRS wireless bearers

WAP forum的網站http://www.wapforum.org/已經與OMA的網站合併(詳細日期不確定,筆者估計應該在2001年左右)。現在WAP的免費技術文件,請到OMA網站去下載。

Ref:
[-] 淺談 WAP 的發展與應用/by 肥狐沖 (garyhu@playstation2.idv.tw) : http://playstation2.idv.tw/iacolumns/jl000004.html
[-] Yi-Bing Lin and Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and Mobile Network Architecures, Chapter 19/WAP, Wiley, 2001.

WFDCL(WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Lab),WiMAX論壇委任之認證實驗室。類似於cdma2000實驗室需要CTIA的認可與授權;EPC的RFID實驗室需要EPC的認可與授權;NFC實驗室需要NFC論壇的認可與授權;Bluetooth的BQTF實驗室需要Bluetooth SIG的認可與授權,這些論壇最終的目的,都是透過在全球建立實驗室,藉由對實驗室的稽核過程與後續對每個產品的測試驗證來獲利。

目前全球WFDCL已有五家:
[1] AT4 Wireless
Parque Tecnologico de Andalucia Calle Severo Ochoa 229590 Campanillas, Málaga Spain

[2] Telecommunications Technology Association
267-2 Seohyun-dong Bundang-gu Seongnam-City Gyeonggi-do463-824 Korea

[3] China Academy of Telecommunication Research
52 Hua Yuan Bei LuHaidian District Beijing 100083 China

[4] AT4 wireless, Inc.
Set To Open Lab In October 2007 in U.S.

[5] 2007年6月在西班牙馬德里舉行的會員大會中,WiMAX Forum正式宣佈誠信科技取得WiMAX Forum指定實驗室資格。榮獲亞洲第一家可同時提供固定式(Fixed)及移動式(Mobile) WiMAX產品之WiMAX Forum測試驗證實驗室。

說明:1. 初期全球五家實驗室已經到齊,其中兩家由AT4 Wireless自己獲得,ADT也使用AT4的測試設備,看來其他實驗室想使用非AT4的設備需要很大的勇氣了。

2. 日本沒有在列,這是很奇怪的現象,不知日本人的盤算如何?

070721r2版本

WiMAX(World Interoperability for Microwave Access),世界互連微波接取。採用微波的方式,傳送訊號到有線網路無法部署的地方,能節省建置網路的時間,還能克服特殊地形等問題,以提供高速無線傳輸效率。:-:無線接取技術。
說明:在2001年4月份,由支援IEEE802.16標準的器件供應商、設備供應商和運營商共同成立一個非贏利性的WiMAX組織聯盟。該聯盟的主要職能是制訂一套基於IEEE 802.16、ETSI Hiper MAN標準的測試規範和認證體系,保證不同設備商開發的系統構件在經過認證以後具有良好的互操作性,從而推進基於IEEEI802.16的產品的廣泛應用,降低產品的研發和生產成本,運營商則可以根據自身的發展需求選擇供應商或網路設備,取得商業成功。

070604r6版本

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Y

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